This report provides a comparative analysis of the individual country studies produced for Macedonia, Spain, Portugal and Turkey. The survey is part of the project ‘Digital Schools Contest’, under a Ka2 (Cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices) of Erasmus+ Programme, specifically called DISCO. The project is coordinated by the South East European University (Macedonia) with Inercia Digital (Spain), Pakize Kokulu Anadolu Lisesi (Turkey), SSOU Mosha Pijade (Macedonia) and Zendensino (Portugal).

A long term cooperation is provided in order to get the main goals of the overall project - to enhance the key competences and skills on ICT and learning performance of young people attending schools, through promoting quality improvements, innovation excellence at the level of education; to raise awareness of a European lifelong learning area designed to complement policy reforms at national level; and to support the modernization of education systems with digital integration in learning.

Introduction

This is a questionnaire oriented to European staff and teachers of every grade of Primary and Secondary (High) Education. It deals about the introduction and needs of formation about ICT within the educative institutions.

The questionnaire was conducted with the professors at primary schools and high schools in: (i) Spain, (ii) Macedonia, (iii) Portugal, and (iv) Turkey.

In total we gathered information for about 257 teachers for all countries – partners in the DISCO project. Following are presented the teachers’ experience in education, summarized for all country-partners, taking into a consideration the aspects of teachers’ experience in education and applying ICT in the teaching process, as described on Table 1.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of continuous variables

Variables	Obs.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
For how long have you been teaching?	257	15.07	8.21	1	40
For how long have you been teaching in your current school/institution?	257	8.50	6.46	1	33
For how long have you been using ICT to support your teaching-learning process?	257	16.30	7.52	1	25

First we will generate analysis for each country separately, and then continue with some comparative analysis on the requirements for training of the professors in the field of ICT. The statistics are grouped by its nature of the questions (Yes/No, Likert scale type of questions).

Data Analysis – The case of Spain

According to our data 51 primary and schools teachers’ are interviewed in Spain. We first provide descriptive statistics for the continuous variables, shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Descriptive statistics of continuous variables

Variables	Obs.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
For how long have you been teaching?	51	14.19	10.81	1	35
For how long have you been teaching in your current school/institution?	51	6.7	7.34	1	28
For how long have you been using ICT to support your teaching-learning process?	51	11.2	8.24	1	25

Following are presented statistics with a Likert scale type of questions that typically contains a labelled option (not a number), starting from the most undesirable response with 0 to the most desirable response with 3. The labelled options are described immediately below the percentages.

Table 1.2 a Descriptive statistics of ordinal variables (different categories of Likert scale)

Variables with scale 0-3	Obs.	Fractions (in %)
		0	1	2	3
Does your school have enough digital and technological resources to work properly?	51	- (I do not use them)	43.14 (Not enough)	39.22 (Enough)	17.65 (A lot)
Are these digital devices/hardware updated?	48	20.83 (Everything is old and slow)	18.75 (The minority of them)	60.42 (The majority of them)	- (Everything is new and modern)
Are these digital devices/hardware of a good quality?	48	20.83 (They are always broken)	18.75 (The minority of them)	60.42 (The majority of them)	- (They always work perfectly)
The School encourages teachers to integrate computers in teaching-learning process.	51	13.73 (No)	21.57 (In some cases)	64.71 (Yes)	/
Teachers are well informed about the value of computers in teaching-learning process in my school	51	11.76 (No)	60.78 (It can be improved)	27.45 (They are doing it well)	/
How often do teachers need to be trained in ICT?	48	2.08 (Once is enough)	35.42 (Every two academic years)	52.08 (Every academic year)	10.42 (Twice a year)
Have you ever received ICT training to be applied in your classroom?	51	3.92 (Lack of opportunities)	1.96 (Lack of time)	17.65 (Outside the school)	76.47 (In the school where you work)

On Table 1.2 b, are presented statistics with a Likert scale type of questions that contains a labelled option, starting from the most undesirable response with Nothing/Not important to the most desirable response with Very Important.

Table 1.2 b Descriptive statistics of ordinal variables (Likert Scale)

When receiving training on ICT for teachers, how important do your find _______.	Obs.	Fractions (in %)
		Nothing / Not important	Few Important	Quite Important	Important	Very Important
Using tools for e-learning (virtual campus)	51	17.65	9.8	15.69	39.22	17.65
Using other web tools (social networking, blogs, etc.)	51	11.76	9.8	9.8	50.98	17.65
Communication, interaction and tutoring/mentoring strategies	51	11.76	11.76	17.65	43.14	15.69
Evaluation strategies	51	7.84	9.8	13.73	49.02	19.61
Creating content for e-learning	51	9.8	7.84	17.65	50.98	13.73
Planning and didactic design	51	11.76	9.8	17.65	41.14	19.61
Developing activities for specific e-learning contexts	51	9.8	9.8	19.61	43.14	17.65

Following are presented statistics for Yes/No close ended questions.

Table 1.3 Descriptive statistics of dichotomous variables in %

Dummy variables		Obs.	Yes	No
Does the school provide each teacher with …	PC	51	66.67	33.33
	Tablet	51	13.73	86.27
	Notebook	51	45.10	54.90
Does your school has ...	Internet	51	88.24	11.76
	Wi-Fi	51	98.04	1.96
Do you think educational institutions should be properly equipped on ICT?		51	98.04	1.96
Teachers should be trained by government in order to use ICT properly.		51	90.20	9.80
Have ICT made your teaching easier?		51	88.24	11.76
Do you use ICT to communicate and get in touch with ...	Students	51	60.78	39.22
	Family	51	56.86	43.14
	Teachers	51	88.24	11.76
	Head of Institution	51	84.31	15.69
Do you use ICT to share documents/info with ...	Students	51	72.55	27.45
	Family	51	52.94	47.06
	Teachers	51	88.24	11.76
	Head of Institution	51	88.24	11.76

Table 1.4 Which technological devices do you use the most in your classes, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Computers	Projector	Electronic Board	Computers, Projector, Smart-phones, Electronic Board	Computers, Projector, Tablets, Cameras, Electronic notebook	More than five (Digital table, Laptop)
Which technological devices do you use the most in your classes?	51	10	4	6	11	8	12
		Computers	Projector	Electronic Board	Digital table, Laptop	Electronic notebook, Tablets	Smartphone, Camera
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	51	15	2	5	13	10	6

Table 1.5 Which ICT web tools do you use in your classes, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Google docs/ Google Drive (& Social Network, & others)	Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi)	Online Storage (i.e. Dropbox)	Sharing tools, Slide share,	Diigo, Wiki spaces, Scrib	More than five
Which ICT web tools do you use in your classes?	49	13	5	3	11	5	12
		Google docs/ Google Drive (& Social Network, & others)	Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi)	Online Storage (i.e.  Dropbox)	Sharing tools, Slide share,	Wiki spaces, Scrib	More than five
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	49	15	5	5	13	11	0

Table 1.6 Which of these Social networks do you use with your students, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Facebook	Instagram	Pinterest	Youtube	Twitter, LinkedIn, Blog, MySpace	More than five
Which of these Social networks do you use with your students?	49	13	3	1	15 (& Blog)	7	10
		Facebook	Blog (& others)	Pinterest	Youtube	Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace	More than five
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	49	5	9	16	2	7	10

From the summary statistics for Spain one can conclude the following:

• Teachers have a minimum of one year of experience in teaching process and a maximum of 35 years, whereas for experience at the current school, they have indicated a minimum of one year of experience at this school and a maximum of 28 years. Whereas considering the years of experience in using ICT in teaching process they have indicated that they have a minimum of one year and a maximum of 25 years of experience.
• Only 17.65% believe that the school provides sufficient digital resources.
• 42% of the Spain teachers’ believe that high proportion of electronic devices are up-dated, however nobody thinks that they are new and modern. The same applies for the quality of electronic devices in Spain.
• 71% believe that in Spain the schools encourage teachers to use ICT.
• Higher proportions of teachers in Spain (60.78%) believe that the information on the value of the usage of computers in teaching can be improved.
• Higher proportions of teachers in Spain (52.08%) believe that teachers should have trainings each academic year.
• 47% of the professors have claimed that they have taken ICT training at the school that they are working.
• Social network and providing content for e-learning have the higher percentage (with 50.98%) of professors answering as the most important for them when trained for ICT.
• 67%, 13.73% and 45.10% have indicated that the school provides them with PC, tablet, and e-diary, respectively.
• 24% and 98.04% have indicated that the school has Internet and Wi-Fi, respectively.
• 04% believe that the schools should be adequately equipped for ICT.
• 20% believe that teachers should be trained by government for appropriate usage of ICT.
• 24% believe that ICT has made their teaching easier.
• Higher percentage use ICT for communicating with colleagues and management staff (88.24 and 84.31 respectively). The same applies for exchanging documents (both 88.24 per cent).
• Considering the technological devices:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Spain are shown in Table 1.4. One can notice that 10 out of 51 have indicated to use computers only (19.6%), and 4 and 6 have indicated to use projector and electronic board, respectively. 12 (24%) of professors in Spain have indicated to use more than five combined technological devices in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use computers (30%), digital tables and laptops (25%, combined) and electronic notebook and tablets (19.6%, combined).
• Considering ICT web tools:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Spain are shown in Table 1.5. One can notice that 13 out of 49 have indicated to use Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (26.5%, combined), and 11 have indicated to use Sharing tools and Slideshare (22.4%, combined). 12 (24.5%) of professors in Spain have indicated to use more than five combined ICT web tools in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (30.6%, combined), Sharing tools and Slideshare, (26.5%, combined) and Wiki spaces and Scrib (22.4%, combined).
• Considering Social Networks:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Spain are shown in Table 1.6. One can notice that 13 out of 49 have indicated to use Facebook (26.5%, combined), and 15 have indicated to use Youtube and Blog (30.6%, combined). 10 (20.4%) of professors in Spain have indicated to use more than five combined Social Networks in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use Pinterest (30.6%, combined), Blog and others (18.4%, combined) and Twitter, LinkedIn, and MySpace (20.4%, combined).

Data Analysis – The case of Republic of Macedonia

 According to our data 70 primary and schools teachers’ are interviewed in Spain. We first provide descriptive statistics for the continuous variable, shown in Table 2.1.

 Table 2.1 Descriptive statistics of continuous variables

Variables	Obs.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
For how long have you been teaching?	70	13.77	8.39	1	40
For how long have you been teaching in your current school/institution?	70	12.37	7.75	1	33
For how long have you been using ICT to support your teaching-learning process?	70	15.9	6.7	2	24

Following are presented statistics with a Likert scale type of questions that typically contains a labelled option (not a number), starting from the most undesirable response with 0 to the most desirable response with 3. The labelled options are described immediately below the percentages.

Table 2.2 a Descriptive statistics of ordinal variables (different categories of Likert scale)

Variables with scale 0-3,4	Obs.	Fractions (in %)
		0	1	2	3
Does your school have enough digital and technological resources to work properly?	70	1.43 (I do not use them)	47.14 (Not enough)	51.43 (Enough)	- (A lot)
Are these digital devices/hardware updated?	56	39.29 (Everything is old and slow)	37.50 (The minority of them)	21.43 (The majority of them)	1.79 (Everything is new and modern)
Are these digital devices/hardware of a good quality?	57	7.02 (They are always broken)	73.68 (The minority of them)	19.30 (The majority of them)	- (They always work perfectly)
The School encourages teachers to integrate computers in teaching-learning process.	50	5.72 (No)	22.86 (In some cases)	71.43 (Yes)	/
Teachers are well informed about the value of computers in teaching-learning process in my school	70	10 (No)	67.14 (It can be improved)	22.86 (They are doing it well)	/
How often do teachers need to be trained in ICT?	48	7.35 (Once is enough)	33.82 (Every two academic years)	47.06 (Every academic year)	11.76 (Twice a year)
Have you ever received ICT training to be applied in your classroom?	51	2 (Lack of opportunities)	13 (Lack of time)	11.59 (Outside the school)	73.91 (In the school where you work)

On Table 2.2 b, are presented statistics with a Likert scale type of questions that contains a labelled option, starting from the most undesirable response with Nothing/Not important to the most desirable response with Very Important.

Table 2.2 b Descriptive statistics of ordinal variables

When receiving training on ICT for teachers, how important do your find _______.	Obs.	Fractions (in %)
		Nothing / Not important	Few Important	Quite Important	Important	Very Important
Using tools for e-learning (virtual campus)	69	5.8	4.35	5.8	42.03	42.03
Using other web tools (social networking, blogs, etc.)	69	4.35	2.9	11.59	46.38	34.78
Communication, interaction and tutoring/mentoring strategies	69	4.35	2.9	13.04	36.23	43.48
Evaluation strategies	69	4.35	4.35	5.8	52.17	33.33
Creating content for e-learning	69	4.25	0	17.39	37.68	40.58
Planning and didactic design	69	8.7	1.45	14.49	42.03	33.33
Developing activities for specific e-learning contexts	69	5.8	1.45	4.35	37.68	50.72

Following are presented statistics for Yes/No close ended questions.

Table 2.3 Descriptive statistics of dichotomous variables in %

Dummy variables		Obs.	Yes	No
Does the school provide each teacher with …	PC	70	61.43	38.57
	Tablet	70	7.14	92.86
	Notebook	70	7.14	92.86
Does your school has ...	Internet	70	100	0
	Wi-Fi	70	91.43	8.57
Do you think educational institutions should be properly equipped on ICT?		70	94.29	5.71
Teachers should be trained by government in order to use ICT properly.		70	69.57	30.43
Have ICT made your teaching easier?		69	92.75	7.25
Do you use ICT to communicate and get in touch with ...	Students	68	85	15
	Family	68	12	88
	Teachers	68	96	4
	Head of Institution	68	15	85
Do you use ICT to share documents/info with ...	Students	68	83	17
	Family	68	78	22
	Teachers	68	96	4
	Head of Institution	68	87	13

Table 2.4 Which technological devices do you use the most in your classes, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Computers	Projector	Electronic Board	Computers, Projector, Smart-phones, Electronic Board	Computers, Projector, Tablets, Cameras, Electronic notebook	More than five (Digital table, Laptop)
Which technological devices do you use the most in your classes?	70	14	18 (& Computer)	4	11	8	15
		Computers	Projector	Electronic Board	Digital table, Laptop	Electronic notebook, Tablets	Smartphone, Camera
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	70	23	7	9	12	11	8

Table 2.5 Which ICT web tools do you use in your classes, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Google docs/ Google Drive (& Social Network, & others)	Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi)	Online Storage (i.e. Dropbox)	Sharing tools, Slideshare,	Diigo, Wiki spaces, Scrib	More than five
Which ICT web tools do you use in your classes?	67	21	6	8	11	0	9
		Google docs/ Google Drive (& Social Network, & others)	Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi)	Online Storage (i.e. Dropbox)	Sharing tools, Slideshare,	Wiki spaces, Scrib	More than five
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	67	23	9	4	7	6	0

Table 2.6 Which of these Social networks do you use with your students, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Facebook	Instagram	Pinterest	Youtube	Twitter, LinkedIn, Blog, MySpace	More than five
Which of these Social networks do you use with your students?	65	24	4	3	8 (&Blog)	15	11
		Facebook (&others)	Blog (&others)	Google Plus	Youtube	Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace	More than five
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	70	35	12	8	13	2	0

From the summary statistics for Spain one can conclude the following:

• Teachers have a minimum of one year of experience in using ICT in teaching process and a maximum of 49 years, whereas for using ICT at the current school, they have indicated a minimum of one year of experience in using ICT at this school and a maximum of 33 years.
• 43% believe that the school provides sufficient digital resources.
• Only 1.79% of the Macedonian teachers’ believe that high proportions of electronic devices are new and modern. The same applies for the quality of electronic devices in Macedonia.
• 43% believe that in Macedonia the schools encourage teachers to use ICT.
• Higher proportions of teachers in Macedonia (67.14%) believe that the information on the value of the usage of computers in teaching can be improved.
• Higher proportions of teachers in Macedonia (47.06%) believe that teachers should have trainings each academic year.
• 91% of the professors have claimed that they have taken ICT training at the school that they are working.
• Social network and strategies for evaluation have the higher percentage (with 46.38% and 52.17% respectively) of professors answering as the most important for them when trained for ICT in Macedonia.
• 43, 7.14 and 7.14 per cent have indicated that the school provides them with PC, tablet, and e-diary, respectively.
• 100% and 91.43% have indicated that the school has Internet and Wi-Fi, respectively.
• 29% believe that the schools should be adequately equipped for ICT.
• 57% believe that teachers should be trained by government for appropriate usage of ICT.
• 75% believe that ICT has made their teaching easier.
• Higher percentage use ICT for communicating with students and colleagues (85% and 96% respectively).
• Whereas for exchanging documents the highest percentage of use of ICT is with colleagues and management staff (96% and 87% respectively).
• Considering the technological devices:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Macedonia are shown in Table 2.4. One can notice that 14 out of 70 have indicated to use computers only (20%), and 18 have indicated to use projector and computers, combined (25.7%). 15 (21%) of professors in of Macedonia have indicated to use more than five combined technological devices in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use computers (32.8%), digital tables and laptops (10.7%, combined) and electronic notebook and tablets (10.5%, combined).
• Considering ICT web tools:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Macedonia are shown in Table 2.5. One can notice that 21 out of 67 have indicated to use Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (31.3%, combined), and 11 have indicated to use Sharing tools and Slideshare (16.4%, combined). Only 9 (13.4%) of professors in Macedonia have indicated to use more than five combined ICT web tools in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (34.3%, combined), Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi) (113.4%, combined) and Sharing tools and Slideshare (10.4%, combined).
• Considering Social Networks:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Macedonia are shown in Table 2.6. One can notice that 24 out of 65 have indicated to use Facebook (37%, combined), and 15 have indicated to use Twitter, LinkedIn, Blog, and MySpace (23%, combined). 11 (16.9%) of professors in Spain have indicated to use more than five combined Social Networks in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use Facebook and others (50%, combined), Blog and others (17.1%, combined) and Youtube (18.5%).

Data Analysis – The case of Turkey

According to our data 73 primary and schools teachers’ are interviewed in Turkey. We first provide descriptive statistics for the continuous variable, shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Descriptive statistics of continuous variables

Variables	Obs.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
For how long have you been teaching?	73	18.32	6.73	2	33
For how long have you been teaching in your current school/institution?	73	6.18	4.58	1	18
For how long have you been using ICT to support your teaching-learning process?	73	16.87	7.04	4	25

Following are presented statistics with a Likert scale type of questions that typically contains a labelled option (not a number), starting from the most undesirable response with 0 to the most desirable response with 3. The labelled options are described immediately below the percentages.

Table 3.2 a Descriptive statistics of ordinal variables (different categories of Likert scale)

Variables with scale 0-3,4	Obs.	Fractions (in %)
		0	1	2	3
Does your school have enough digital and technological resources to work properly?	73	1.37 (I do not use them)	35.62 (Not enough)	54.79 (Enough)	8.22 (A lot)
Are these digital devices/hardware updated?	68	5.88 (Everything is old and slow)	39.71 (The minority of them)	35.29 (The majority of them)	19.12 (Everything is new and modern)
Are these digital devices/hardware of a good quality?	69	1.45 (They are always broken)	50.72 (The minority of them)	34.78 (The majority of them)	13.04 (They always work perfectly)
The School encourages teachers to integrate computers in teaching-learning process.	69	5.48 (No)	28.77 (In some cases)	65.75 (Yes)	/
Teachers are well informed about the value of computers in teaching-learning process in my school	73	1.37 (No)	75.34 (It can be improved)	23.29 (They are doing it well)	/
How often do teachers need to be trained in ICT?	67	28.36 (Once is enough)	41.79 (Every two academic years)	29.85 (Every academic year)	- (Twice a year)
Have you ever received ICT training to be applied in your classroom?	73	7 (Lack of opportunities)	22 (Lack of time)	31.51 (Outside the school)	39.49 (In the school where you work)

On Table 3.2 b, are presented statistics with a Likert scale type of questions that contains a labelled option, starting from the most undesirable response with Nothing/Not important to the most desirable response with Very Important.

Table 3.2 b Descriptive statistics of ordinal variables

When receiving training on ICT for teachers, how important do your find _______.	Obs.	Fractions (in %)
		Nothing / Not important	Few Important	Quite Important	Important	Very Important
Using tools for e-learning (virtual campus)	73	1.37	9.59	17.81	41.10	30.14
Using other web tools (social networking, blogs, etc.)	73	2.74	4.11	19.18	53.42	20.55
Communication, interaction and tutoring/mentoring strategies	73	4.11	4.11	15.07	52.05	24.66
Evaluation strategies	73	1.37	6.85	15.07	47.95	28.77
Creating content for e-learning	73	2.74	5.48	17.81	49.32	24.66
Planning and didactic design	73	4.11	4.11	16.44	50.68	24.66
Developing activities for specific e-learning contexts	73	1.37	6.85	13.70	53.42	24.66

Following are presented statistics for Yes/No close ended questions.

Table 3.3 Descriptive statistics of dichotomous variables in %

Dummy variables		Obs.	Yes	No
Does the school provide each teacher with …	PC	73	80.82	19.18
	Tablet	73	27.4	72.6
	Notebook	73	90.41	9.59
Does your school has ...	Internet	73	71.23	28.77
	Wi-Fi	73	80.82	19.18
Do you think educational institutions should be properly equipped on ICT?		73	86.3	13.7
Teachers should be trained by government in order to use ICT properly.		73	79.45	20.55
Have ICT made your teaching easier?		73	91.78	8.22
Do you use ICT to communicate and get in touch with ...	Students	73	43.84	56.16
	Family	73	32.88	67.12
	Teachers	73	91.78	8.22
	Head of Institution	73	86.3	13.7
Do you use ICT to share documents/info with ...	Students	73	54.79	45.21
	Family	73	38.36	61.64
	Teachers	73	97.26	2.74
	Head of Institution	73	90.41	9.59

Table 3.4 Which technological devices do you use the most in your classes, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Computers	Projector	Electro-nic Board	Computers, Projector, Smart-phones, Electronic Board	Computers, Projector, Tablets, Cameras, Electronic notebook	More than five (Digital table, Laptop)
Which technological devices do you use the most in your classes?	70	10	9 (& Electronic Board)	12	17	7	17
		Computers	Projector	Electronic Board	Digital table, Laptop	Electronic notebook, Tablets	E-books, Camera
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	70	20 (Projector& Laptop)	15 (Digital table)	8	7	12	8

Table 3.5 Which ICT web tools do you use in your classes, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Google docs/ Google Drive (& Social Network, & others)	Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi)	Online Storage (i.e. Dropbox)	Sharing tools, Slide-share,	Diigo, Wiki spaces, Scrib	More than five
Which ICT web tools do you use in your classes?	72	22	19	4	2	7	18
		Google docs/ Google Drive (& Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi))	Social Network, (& others	Online Storage (i.e. Dropbox)	Sharing tools, Slide-share,	Wiki spaces, Scrib	More than five
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	72	23	15	11	10	6	7

Table 3.6 Which of these Social networks do you use with your students, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Facebook	Instagram	Pinterest	Youtube	Twitter, LinkedIn, Blog, MySpace	More than five
Which of these Social networks do you use with your students?	71	28	5	8 (LinkedIn)	11 (&Blog)	12	7
		Facebook (&others)	Blog (&others)	Google Plus	Youtube	Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace	More than five
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	70	18	13	6	5	15	3

From the summary statistics for Turkey one can conclude the following:

• Teachers have a minimum of two years of experience in using ICT in teaching process and a maximum of 33 years, whereas for using ICT at the current school, they have indicated a minimum of one year of experience in using ICT at this school and a maximum of 18 years.
• 79% believe that the school provides sufficient digital resources.
• 12% of the Turkish teachers’ believe that high proportions of electronic devices are new and modern. The same applies for the quality of electronic devices in Turkey (13.04%).
• 75% believe that in Turkey the schools encourage teachers to use ICT.
• Higher proportions of teachers in Turkey (75.34%) believe that the information on the value of the usage of computers in teaching can be improved.
• Higher proportions of teachers in Turkey (41.79%) believe that teachers should have trainings in two years.
• Only 39.49% of the professors have claimed that they have taken ICT training at the school that they are working.
• Social network and different e-learning activities have the higher percentage (both 53.42 per cent) of professors answering as the most important for them when trained for ICT in Turkey.
• 82, 27.4 and 90.41 per cent have indicated that the school provides them with PC, tablet, and e-diary, respectively.
• 23% and 80.82% have indicated that the school has Internet and Wi-Fi, respectively.
• 3% believe that the schools should be adequately equipped for ICT.
• 45% believe that teachers should be trained by government for appropriate usage of ICT.
• 78% believe that ICT has made their teaching easier.
• Higher percentage use ICT for communicating with colleagues and management staff (91.78 and 86.38% respectively). The same applies for exchanging documents (97.26 and 90.41 respectively).
• Considering the technological devices:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Turkey are shown in Table 3.4. One can notice that 10 out of 70 have indicated to use computers only (14.2%), and 9 have indicated to use projector and computers, combined (12.8%). 17 (24.2%) of professors in Turkey have indicated to use more than five combined technological devices in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use computers, projector, laptop (28.5%), digital tables and projector (21.4%, combined) and electronic notebook and tablets (17.1%, combined).
• Considering ICT web tools:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Turkey are shown in Table 3.5. One can notice that 22 out of 72 have indicated to use Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (30.5%, combined), and 19 have indicated to use Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi) (26.4%, combined). 18 (25%) of professors in Turkey have indicated to use more than five combined ICT web tools in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (31.9%, combined), Social Network, and others (20.8%, combined) and Online Storage (i.e. Dropbox) (15.3%).
• Considering Social Networks:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Spain are shown in Table 3.6. One can notice that 13 out of 49 have indicated to use Facebook (26.5%, combined), and 15 have indicated to use Youtube and Blog (30.6%, combined). 10 (20.4%) of professors in Spain have indicated to use more than five combined Social Networks in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use Facebook (25.7%, combined), Blog and others (18.5%, combined) and Twitter, LinkedIn, and MySpace (21.4%, combined).

 

Data Analysis – The case of Portugal

 According to our data 63 primary and secondary schools teachers’ are interviewed in Portugal. We first provide descriptive statistics for the continuous variable, shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Descriptive statistics of continuous variables

Variables	Obs.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
For how long have you been teaching?	63	13.46	5.95	1	28
For how long have you been teaching in your current school/institution?	63	8.33	3.47	3	18
For how long have you been using ICT to support your teaching-learning process?	63	20.16	5.78	4	25

Following are presented statistics with a Likert scale type of questions that typically contains a labelled option (not a number), starting from the most undesirable response with 0 to the most desirable response with 3. The labelled options are described immediately below the percentages.

Table 4.2 a Descriptive statistics of ordinal variables (different categories of Likert scale)

Variables with scale 0-3,4	Obs.	Fractions (in %)
		0	1	2	3
Does your school have enough digital and technological resources to work properly?	63	30.16 (I do not use them)	3.17 (Not enough)	66.67 (Enough)	- (A lot)
Are these digital devices/hardware updated?	63	6.35 (Everything is old and slow)	19.05 (The minority of them)	46.03 (The majority of them)	28.57 (Everything is new and modern)
Are these digital devices/hardware of a good quality?	63	1.59 (They are always broken)	98.41 (The minority of them)	- (The majority of them)	- (They always work perfectly)
The School encourages teachers to integrate computers in teaching-learning process.	63	11.11 (No)	23.81 (In some cases)	65.08 (Yes)	/
Teachers are well informed about the value of computers in teaching-learning process in my school	63	14.29 (No)	77.78 (It can be improved)	7.94 (They are doing it well)	/
How often do teachers need to be trained in ICT?	62	11.29 (Once is enough)	32.26 (Every two academic years)	24.19 (Every academic year)	32.26 (Twice a year)
Have you ever received ICT training to be applied in your classroom?	63	- (Lack of opportunities)	6.35 (Lack of time)	33.33 (Outside the school)	60.32 (In the school where you work)

On Table 4.2 b, are presented statistics with a Likert scale type of questions that contains a labelled option, starting from the most undesirable response with Nothing/Not important to the most desirable response with Very Important.

Table 4.2 b Descriptive statistics of ordinal variables

When receiving training on ICT for teachers, how important do your find _______.	Obs.	Fractions (in %)
		Nothing / Not important	Few Important	Quite Important	Important	Very Important
Using tools for e-learning (virtual campus)	63	0	26.98	1.59	49.21	22.22
Using other web tools (social networking, blogs, etc.)	63	0	50.79	4.76	22.22	22.22
Communication, interaction and tutoring/mentoring strategies	63	0	31.75	3.17	42.86	22.22
Evaluation strategies	63	0	61.90	3.17	31.75	3.17
Creating content for e-learning	63	0	34.92	3.17	49.21	12.70
Planning and didactic design	63	9.52	38.10	1.59	36.51	14.29
Developing activities for specific e-learning contexts	63	0	61.90	3.17	28.57	6.35

Following are presented statistics for Yes/No close ended questions.

Table 4.3 Descriptive statistics of dichotomous variables in %

Dummy variables		Obs.	Yes	No
Does the school provide each teacher with …	PC	63	98.41	1.59
	Tablet	63	26.98	73.02
	Notebook	63	53.97	46.03
Does your school has ...	Internet	63	90.48	9.52
	Wi-Fi	63	90.48	9.52
Do you think educational institutions should be properly equipped on ICT?		63	82.54	17.46
Teachers should be trained by government in order to use ICT properly.		63	90.48	9.52
Have ICT made your teaching easier?		63	90.48	9.52
Do you use ICT to communicate and get in touch with ...	Students	63	100	0
	Family	63	69.84	30.16
	Teachers	63	98.41	1.59
	Head of Institution	63	82.54	17.46
Do you use ICT to share documents/info with ...	Students	63	100	0
	Family	63	69.84	30.16
	Teachers	63	98.41	1.59
	Head of Institution	63	82.54	17.46

Table 4.4 Which technological devices do you use the most in your classes, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Computers	Projector	Electronic Board	Computers, Projector, Smart-phones, Electronic Board	Computers, Projector, Tablets, Cameras, Electronic notebook	More than five (Digital table, Laptop)
Which technological devices do you use the most in your classes?	62	11 (& Projector)	10 (& Digital table)	6	10	7	18
		Computers	Digital Table	Electronic Board	Tablets, E-books	Electronic notebook	Smartphone
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	62	10 (Projector &  Laptop)	9 (& Cameras)	10	14	6	13

Table 4.5 Which ICT web tools do you use in your classes, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Google docs/ Google Drive (& Social Network, & others)	Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi)	Online Storage (i.e. Dropbox)	Sharing tools, Slideshare,	Diigo, Wikispaces, Scrib	More than five
Which ICT web tools do you use in your classes?	63	20	19	4	7	6	7
		Google docs/ Google Drive (& Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi))	Social Network, (& others	Online Storage (i.e. Dropbox)	Sharing tools, Slideshare,	Wikispaces, Scrib	More than five
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	63	16	13	3	10	14	7

Table 4.6 Which of these Social networks do you use with your students, and which ones would you like to be able to use?

Variable	Obs.	______ only and/or combined
		Facebook (& Youtube)	Instagram	Pinterest	Youtube	Twitter, LinkedIn, Blog, MySpace	More than five
Which of these Social networks do you use with your students?	71	18	4	4	14 (& Google plus)	12	19
		Facebook (&others)	Blog (&others)	Google Plus	Pinterest	Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace	More than five
Which of the previous ones would you like to be able to use?	70	18	11	6	17	15	3

From the summary statistics for Portugal one can conclude the following:

• Teachers have a minimum of one year of experience in using ICT in teaching process and a maximum of 28 years, whereas for using ICT at the current school, they have indicated a minimum of three years of experience in using ICT at this school and a maximum of 18 years.
• 67% believe that the school provides sufficient digital resources.
• 57% of the Portugal teachers’ believe that high proportions of electronic devices are new and modern.
• Considering the quality of electronic devices, in Portugal 98.41 per cent believes that minority of them are of high quality.
• 08% believe that in Portugal the schools encourage teachers to use ICT.
• Higher proportions of teachers in Portugal (75.34%) believe that the information on the value of the usage of computers in teaching can be improved.
• Same proportions of teachers in Portugal (41.79%) believe that teachers should have trainings in two years and/or twice a year.
• 32% of the professors have claimed that they have taken ICT training at the school that they are working.
• Virtual campus and providing content for e-learning activities have the higher percentage (both 49.21 per cent) of professors answering as the most important for them when trained for ICT in Portugal.
• 41, 26.98, and 53.97 per cent have indicated that the school provides them with PC, tablet, and e-diary, respectively.
• 48 per cent have indicated that the school has Internet and Wi-Fi.
• 54% believe that the schools should be adequately equipped for ICT.
• 48% believe that teachers should be trained by government for appropriate usage of ICT.
• 48% believe that ICT has made their teaching easier.
• Higher percentage use ICT for communicating with students and colleagues (100% and 98.41% respectively). The same applies for exchanging documents.
• Considering the technological devices:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Portugal are shown in Table 4.4. One can notice that 11 out of 62 have indicated to use computers only (17.7%), and 10 have indicated to use projector and digital table, combined (16.1%). 18 (29%) of professors in Portugal have indicated to use more than five combined technological devices in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use computers, projector, laptop (16.1%), tablets and E-books (22.5%, combined) and Smartphone (20.9%).
• Considering ICT web tools:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Portugal are shown in Table 4.5. One can notice that 20 out of 63 have indicated to use Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (31.7%, combined), and 19 have indicated to use Presentation tools (i.e. Prezi) (30%). 7 (11.1%) of professors in Turkey have indicated to use more than five combined ICT web tools in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (25.4%, combined), Social Network, and others (20.6%, combined) and Wikispaces, Scrib (22.2%).
• Considering Social Networks:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Portugal are shown in Table 4.6. One can notice that 18 out of 71 have indicated to use Facebook (25.3%), and 14 have indicated to use Youtube and Google plus (19.7%, combined). 19 (27.1%) of professors in Portugal have indicated to use more than five combined Social Networks in class.
  • Out of these, most of them would like to be able to use Facebook (25.7%, combined), Blog and others (15.7%, combined) and Twitter, LinkedIn, and MySpace (21.4%, combined).

Comparative analysis – The final conclusions

For the purpose of comparing the DISCO survey results, in this section we provide comparative analysis for the four countries: (i) Spain, (ii) Macedonia, (iii) Portugal and (iv) Turkey.

Considering the years of experience in teaching process unless Turkey with minimum of two, all the others have a minimum of one and a maximum of 28, 33, 35 and 49 for Portugal, Turkey, Spain and Macedonia respectively.

Considering the experience in teaching process at the current school, both Turkey and Portugal have 18 years, Spain has 28, with Macedonia having the longer period of professors teaching at current school with 33 years of experience.

Whereas considering the years of experience in using ICT in teaching process they have indicated that they have a maximum of 24 for Macedonia, and the rest with 25 years of experience in using ICT.

• Only 17.65% of professors in Spain believe that the school provides sufficient digital resources, whereas in Macedonia, Turkey and Portugal 51.43%, 54.79%, 66.67% believe that the school provides sufficient digital resources, respectively.

• Only 1.79% of teachers in Macedonia believe that high proportion of electronic devices are new and modern. This is very low compared to the proportion of new and modern electronic devices in Spain, Turkey and Portugal - 60.42%, 19.12%, 28.57% respectively.

• Professors in Macedonia believe more that schools encourage teachers to use ICT (71.43%), whereas Spain, Turkey and Portugal have these statistics 64.71%, 65.75%, 65.08% respectively.

• Considering the technological devices:
  • Portugal, Turkey and Macedonia have indicated to use computers only with 17.7%, 14.2%, 20%, respectively, with Spain having the highest percentage of 24%.
  • Out of these, in Portugal most of them would like to be able to use tablets and E-books (22.5%, combined), in Turkey computers, projector, and laptop (28.5%), in Macedonia and in Spain computers only (32.8% and 30% respectively).

• Considering ICT web tools:
  • Mostly used in class for the case of Portugal are Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (31.7%, combined). The same applies for Turkey, Macedonia and Spain with 30.5%, 31.3% and 26.5% respectively.
  • Out of these, in Portugal, Turkey, Macedonia and Spain most of them would like to be able to use Google docs/ Google Drive, Social Network, and others (25.4%, 30.5%, 34.3% and 30.6% respectively).

• Considering Social Networks:
  • 1% of professors in Portugal have indicated to use more than five combined Social Networks in class; in Turkey and Spain they have indicated to use more YouTube and Blog (30.6%, combined); in Macedonia Facebook with 37%.
  • Out of these, in Portugal, Turkey, Macedonia and Spain most of them would like to be able to use Facebook (25.7%, 30%, 50% and 30.6%).